Please find the answers and explanations below:
1) The big, brown dog sat next to the couch and chewed a bone. YES
2) The dog sat next to the couch and chewed a bone loudly. NO
3) The dog, Max, sat next to the couch and chewed a bone. NO
4) The dog sat next to the couch and chewed a bone with her new puppies. NO
The sentence that uses an adjective phrase is option 1) “The big, brown dog sat next to the couch and chewed a bone.” The adjective phrase is “big, brown” and it modifies the noun “dog”.
Sentence 2 doesn't have an adjective phrase that modifies a noun
Sentence 3 doesn't have an adjective phrase that modifies a noun since the name “Max, which is between commas just adds and clarifies information about the noun “dog”.
Sentence 4 doesn't have an adjective phrase that modifies a noun. The only adjective in that sentence is “new” that modifies the noun “puppies” but it is not a phrase.