Answer:
higher than; the same as.
Explanation:
The Mac Arthur and Wilson theory of island bio geography states that island species is determined by the size and distance of island from the mainland. The island of large size and less distance accumulate more species.
The researcher compare the species of two island. According to the Wilson, she can determines that the S value is higher for the island located closer to mainland than from the island located far away. The extinction rate of both the islands are same.
Thus, the correct answer is option (e).