Answer: psychologists use memory models to think and communicate about memory;
information-processing models involve three processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval;
the connectionism information-processing model views memories as products of interconnected neural networks;
the three processing stages in the Atkinson-Schiffrin model are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory;
more recent research has updated this model to include two important concepts: (1) working memory, to stress the active processing occurring in the second memory stage; and (2) automatic processing, to address the processing of information outside of conscious awareness.
encoding
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Answer:
Effortful processing is learning or storing knowledge that requires attention and effort. We have the capacity to remember lots of things without putting forth any effort. However, there are lots of times when we must practice, rehearse, and try to remember things which makes this tool so useful. Automatic processing is unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings which we process and remember. Mnemonics help us organize items into familiar, manageable units that give us easy things to remember. Memory aids, like chunking, use techniques like grouping concepts together to help us generalize the information into rememberable bits. Studying a little bit every night allows your brain to organize the information and retain it more than if you cramed the night before a test. Deep processing refers to one of the extreme ends of the level of processing spectrum of mental recall and analysis. Deep processing requires the use of semantic processing (how words work together to create meaning) which creates a much stronger memory trace.
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