A hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration used to make a point. For example, when helping your parents move around the furniture, you might say, "This couch weighs a ton!". The couch obviously doesn't weigh 2,000 pounds - it's an exaggeration of how heavy it feels to move that couch.
Personlification gives human characteristics to something that is not human. For example, The petals on the rose felt as soft as baby's cheeks. We're giving a human-like description of roses that can help you get a better idea of what it felt like to touch those petals.
When the same sound is used in a series of words in a row (or close together), we call this alliteration. Probably the most famous one is "She sells sea shells by the seashore". Repeating the 's' sound at the beginning of most of those words is alliteration.
A simile compares two things to make a more vivid description. They will use like or as to compare the items. When watching a race and seeing a runner fall, then get back up and finish, we may say that they are tough as nails.
This line s not a simile because it does not use "like" or "as" to compare two objects. The description of the roast is not exaggerating a description about it, so it is not a hyperbole. The roast isn't described using human characteristics, so it is not personification. The entire line is "Crusts of black burned buttered toast, gristly bits of beefy roasts". The repetition of the 'b' sound identifies that this line uses alliteration.
